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The German name of Austria, ''ドイツ語:Österreich'', derives from the Old High German word "eastern realm", recorded in the so-called ''Ostarrîchi Document'' of 996, applied to the Margraviate of Austria, a march, or borderland, of the Duchy of Bavaria created in 976. The name is directly comparable in motivation to ''Austrasia'', the term for the "eastern lands" of Francia recorded from about the same time. The Old High German name parallels the Middle Latin name ''Marchia Orientalis'' ("eastern borderland"), alternatively called ''Marchia austriaca''.〔''Online Etymological Dictionary,'' "(Austria )"〕 The shorter Latinized name ''Austria'' is first recorded in the 12th century. It has occasionally led to confusion, because, while it renders the Germanic word for "east" it is reminiscent of the native Latin term for "south", ''auster''. In the 12th century, the Margraviate was elevated to the status of duchy, in 1453 to archduchy and from 1804 claiming imperial status, all the time retaining both the name ''Österreich'' and the Latin name ''Austria''. ''Ostmark'', a translation of ''Marchia Orientalis'' into Standard German, was used officially when the country was annexed by Nazi Germany in 1938. The contemporary state was created in 1955, with the Austrian State Treaty, and is officially called the ''Republic of Austria'' (''Republik Österreich''). ==German name== ''Österreich'' is derived from Old High German ''Ostarrîchi''. The term probably originates as a vernacular translation of the Latin name ラテン語:''Marchia orientalis'' (eastern borderland).〔K. Bosl, ''History of Bavaria'', Darmstadt 1965, 346 note 54 Journal of Bavarian history 18 (1955) 158.〕 The ''ostar-'' is related to Old High German ''ōstan'' "eastern", but its exact derivation is unclear.〔see Ostara for a detailed discussion of this word.〕 Old High German ''rihhi'' had the meaning of "realm, domain". The ''Marchia orientalis'', also called the Bavarian Eastern March (''Ostmark''〔''Ostmark'' is a reconstruction by 19th century scholars and no Medieval example has been found. (Pohl, Heinz-Dieter, "(Ostarrîchi 996 – 1996 )")〕) and the March of Austria (''Marchiam Austriae''), was a prefecture of the Duchy of Bavaria. It was assigned to the Babenberg family in 976. The variant ''Ostarrîchi'' is known from a single usage dated 996. Later Medieval documents record the word as either ''Osterrîche'' (official) or as ''Osterlant'' (folk and poetic usage).〔"(Ostarrîchi )" ''AEIOU Encyclopedia''. Zöllner, Erich, ''Geschichte Österreichs: von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart'' (1990), p. 63.〕 The variation ''Osterrîche'' is first recorded in 998. ''Marcha Osterriche'' appears on a deed granted by Emperor Henry IV and dated 1058.〔Gall, Franz, ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Babenberger in Österreich'' (1997), p. 19. On the basis of this example, ''Mark Osterriche'' has been suggested as the German form for the March of Austria, as ''Ostmark'' is unattested and has been tainted by Nazi use.〕 Austrian historian Friedrich Heer stated in his book ''Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität'' (The Struggle Over Austrian Identity), that the name has an older history, originating with the Celtic name of ''Noricum'' which Heer takes as ''No-'' or ''Nor-'' meaning "east" or "eastern", and ''-rig'' "realm, dominion", so that both the Latin ラテン語:''Marchia orientalis'' and the German ''Ostarrîchi'' would ultimately be renditions of the Celtic name. The origins of modern Austria date back to the ninth century in "Historia Langobardorum", by Paolo Diacono, when the territory of Upper and Lower Austria became increasingly populated. The name "Ostarrichi" is attested for the first time in an official document from 996 to Otto I. Since then this word has developed into Austria. An alternative theory, proposed by the Austrian slavistics professor Otto Kronsteiner, suggests that the term Ostarrîchi is taken from a Slavic toponym 'Ostravica' meaning 'pointed hill', taking its popular meaning of 'Eastern realm' at a much later time.〔''(), Der Standard, 30 November 1996''〕 This theory was rejected as untenable by Austrian linguist Heinz-Dieter Pohl.〔''(), Die Presse''〕 Another remoter possibility is that the name comes from the Ostrogoths, who had a kingdom in what is now Austria and northern Italy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Name of Austria」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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